Heterotrophic organisms in kingdom protista are like the organisms in kingdom animalia because they need to catch their food. Autotrophic organisms in kingdom protista are similar to kingdoms fungi and plantae in the sense that they both typically obtain energy through photosynthesis [20]. The kingdom protista acts more like the “disposal” category of the kingdoms, any organism that is not animalia, plantae, or fungi is part of kingdom protista. They are different from fungi when it comes to their cell walls, because in protists their cell walls contain cellulose, but in the cell walls of Fungi, they contain chitin. It is believed that protists evolved 2.5 billion years ago from the “accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere” which caused these organisms to compete for resources [21].
The Kingdom Fungi are unlike the kingdoms animalia and sometimes protista, fungi do not move on their own. Fungi reproduce by a means of using spores or seeds like plants do in the kingdom plantae. The body of the fungi are produced from microscopic threads called hyphae and the cell walls are made of chitin. While this is what fungi are made up of, organisms in other kingdoms are made up of muscle cells, vascular systems, single-cells, etc. The evolution of fungi was thought of as a very controversial topic, but the majority of people believe that fungi were brought about around 900 years ago from aquatic - eukaryotic, single celled organisms [22].
All of the organisms in the Kingdom Plantae contain pigments possessing chlorophyll unlike any of the other kingdoms.The cell walls of plants contain cellulose like the kingdoms protista and bacteria. They obtain their energy from the sun by means of photosynthesis, just like fungi and many forms of protists do. Some plants are poisonous so that animals don’t eat them, a lot of Fungi use the same modes of defense to protect themselves as well. There are many theories about how plants have evolved, but the main theory, is that plants evolved from “endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria” which was basicly when prokaryotes “gave rise” to eukaryotes [23].
The Kingdom Animalia just like kingdom protista, the majority of organisms living in kingdom animalia live in the water, specifically saltwater regions. The cells in these organisms consist of a variety of complex organelles unlike the other kingdom’s organisms. During reproduction, the organisms in this kingdom typically reproduce through sexual intercourse, and the fetus is either born out of an egg or through vaginal openings in the females. The evolution of Animals mainly came to be from their predators becoming more of a threat and they needed to protect themselves. Another reason that evolution came around for animals, is because of “geological factors”, for instance: a buildup of minerals in specific areas such as the ocean [24].
